Ukuphuhliswa kweeplastiki kunokulandwa emva phakathi kwe-19.Ngelo xesha, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zeshishini lelaphu elikhulayo e-UK, iikhemisti zaxuba iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kunye, ngethemba lokwenza iblitshi kunye nedayi.Oosokhemisti bayithanda kakhulu itela yamalahle, eyinkunkuma efana necurd ejijelwe kwiitshimini zasefektri ezibaswa yigesi yendalo.

UWilliam Henry Platinum, umncedisi welebhu kwiRoyal Institute of Chemistry eLondon, wayengomnye wabantu abenze olu vavanyo.Ngenye imini, xa iplatinam yayisosula imichiza eyayichitheke kwisihlalo esikwigumbi lokufundela, kwafunyaniswa ukuba eli laphu lalidaywe layilavenda eyayingafane ibonwe ngelo xesha.Oku kufunyanwa ngengozi kwenza iplatinam ingene kwishishini lokudaya kwaye ekugqibeleni yaba ngusozigidi.
Nangona ukufunyanwa kweplatinam akuyoplastiki, oku kufunyanwa ngengozi kubaluleke kakhulu kuba kubonisa ukuba iikhompawundi ezenziwe ngabantu zinokufumaneka ngokulawula izinto zendalo eziphilayo.Abavelisi baye baqaphela ukuba izinto ezininzi zendalo ezifana nomthi, i-amber, irabha, kunye neglasi zinqabile okanye zibiza kakhulu okanye azifanelekanga ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kuba zibiza kakhulu okanye aziguquguquki ngokwaneleyo.Izixhobo zokwenziwa ziyinto efanelekileyo yokuthatha indawo.Inokutshintsha imilo phantsi kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye inokugcina imilo emva kokupholisa.
UColin Williamson, umseki weLondon Society for the History of Plastics, wathi: “Ngelo xesha, abantu babejamelene nokufumana enye indlela engabizi kangako nekulula ukuyitshintsha.”
Emva kweplatinam, elinye iNgesi, uAlexander Parks, laxuba ichloroform neoli yecastor ukuze lifumane into eqinileyo njengeempondo zezilwanyana.Le yayiyiplastiki yokuqala eyenziweyo.IiPaki zinethemba lokusebenzisa le plastiki yenziwe ngumntu endaweni yerabha engenakukwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yeendleko zokutyala, ukuvuna nokulungiswa kwazo.
Umntu waseNew York uJohn Wesley Hyatt, umkhandi weentsimbi, wazama ukwenza iibhola zebhiliyoni ngezinto ezenziweyo endaweni yeebhola zebhiliyoni ezenziwe ngendlovu.Nangona engazange asombulule le ngxaki, wafumanisa ukuba ngokuxuba i-camphor kunye nomlinganiselo othile we-solvent, into enokutshintsha imilo emva kokufudumeza inokufumaneka.I-Hyatt ibiza le nto i-celluloid.Olu hlobo lutsha lweplastiki luneempawu zokuveliswa ngobuninzi ngoomatshini kunye nabasebenzi abangenazakhono.Izisa kwishishini lefilimu into eyomeleleyo kwaye eguquguqukayo ebonakalayo enokuthi iveze imifanekiso eludongeni.
I-Celluloid nayo yakhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini lerekhodi yasekhaya, kwaye ekugqibeleni yatshintsha iirekhodi zecylindrical zakuqala.Kamva iiplastiki zinokusetyenziswa ukwenza iirekhodi zevinyl kunye neekhasethi;ekugqibeleni, polycarbonate isetyenziselwa ukwenza compact discs.
I-Celluloid yenza ukufotowa kube ngumsebenzi kunye nemarike ebanzi.Ngaphambi kokuba uGeorge Eastman aphuhlise i-celluloid, ukufota kwakuyinto yokuzonwabisa ebiza kakhulu kwaye inzima kuba umfoti kufuneka aphuhlise ifilimu ngokwakhe.U-Eastman weza nengcamango entsha: umthengi wathumela ifilimu egqityiweyo kwivenkile wayivula, kwaye waphuhlisa ifilimu kumthengi.I-Celluloid yinto yokuqala ebonakalayo ebonakalayo enokuthi yenziwe ibe ishidi elincinci kwaye inokusongwa kwikhamera.
Malunga neli xesha, u-Eastman wadibana nomphambukeli oselula waseBelgium, uLeo Beckeland.I-Baekeland ifumene uhlobo lwephepha lokushicilela elinovelwano ngakumbi ekukhanyeni.U-Eastman uthenge imveliso ye-Beckland ye-750,000 yeedola zase-US (elingana ne-2.5 yezigidi zeedola zase-US).Ngemali esandleni, i-Baekeland yakha ilabhoratri.Kwaye ngo-1907 wenza iplastiki ye-phenolic.
Esi sixhobo esitsha siphumelele impumelelo enkulu.Iimveliso ezenziwe ngeplastiki yephenolic ziquka iifowuni, iintambo ezigqunyiweyo, amaqhosha, iipropeller zenqwelomoya, kunye neebhola zebhiliyoni ezikumgangatho obalaseleyo.
Inkampani yeParker Pen yenza iipeni zemithombo eyahlukeneyo ngeplastiki yephenolic.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kweeplastiki ze-phenolic, inkampani yenza umboniso woluntu kuluntu kwaye yalahla ipeni kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo.Iphephancwadi elithi “Time” liye lanikela inqaku elingaphandle ukuze lichaze umenzi weplastiki yephenolic kunye nalo mbandela “onokusetyenziswa izihlandlo ezingamawaka”
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ilabhoratri yaseDuPont yenza enye into ngempazamo: yenza inayiloni, imveliso ebizwa ngokuba yisilika eyenziweyo.Ngo-1930, uWallace Carothers, isazinzulu esisebenza kwilabhoratri yaseDuPont, wantywilisela intonga yeglasi eshushu kwikhompawundi ende yemolekyuli kwaye wafumana imathiriyeli elastiki kakhulu.Nangona iimpahla ezenziwe nge-nylon yokuqala zinyibilika phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu bentsimbi, umqambi wayo uCarothers waqhubeka eqhuba uphando.Malunga neminyaka esibhozo kamva, iDuPont yazisa inayiloni.
Inayiloni isetyenziswe kakhulu ebaleni, iiparashuti nemitya yezihlangu zonke zenziwe ngenayiloni.Kodwa abafazi bangabasebenzisi abanomdla benylon.NgoMeyi 15, 1940, abafazi baseMelika bathengisa izibini ezi-5 zezigidi zeekawusi zenayiloni eziveliswe yiDuPont.Iikawusi zenayiloni zinqongophele, kwaye abanye oosomashishini sele beqalisile ukuzenza iikawusi zenayiloni.
Kodwa ibali lempumelelo yenayiloni linesiphelo esibuhlungu: umqambi wayo, uCarothers, wazibulala ngokuthatha icyanide.USteven Finnichell, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Plastiki”, uthe: “Ndiye ndafumana impembelelo emva kokufunda idayari kaCarothers: UCarothers wathi izinto aziqulunqileyo zazisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimpahla zabasetyhini.Iikawusi zaziva zinxunguphele kakhulu.Wayesisifundiswa, nto leyo eyayimenza azive enganyamezeleki.”Wayevakalelwa kukuba abantu babeya kucinga ukuba eyona nto wayeyiphumeze yayingeyonto ingaphaya kokuqulunqa “imveliso eqhelekileyo yezorhwebo.”
Ngelixa iDuPont yayithabathekile ziimveliso zayo ezithandwa kakhulu ngabantu.AmaBritane afumanisa ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kweplastiki kwindawo yomkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe.Oku kufunyaniswe kwenziwa ngengozi.Izazinzulu kwilabhoratri yeRoyal Chemical Industry Corporation yase-United Kingdom beziqhuba umfuniselo ongenanto yakwenza noku, zaza zafumanisa ukuba kukho iwaksi emhlophe emazantsi etyhubhu yovavanyo.Emva kovavanyo lwebhubhoratri, kwafunyaniswa ukuba le nto yinto egqwesileyo yokugquma.Iimpawu zayo zahlukile kwiglasi, kwaye amaza e-radar angadlula kuyo.Iingcali zenzululwazi ziyibiza i-polyethylene, kwaye ziyisebenzisela ukwakha indlu yezikhululo ze-radar ukubamba umoya kunye nemvula, ukuze i-radar ikwazi ukubamba iinqwelo-moya zotshaba phantsi kwenkungu emvula kunye nenkungu eshinyeneyo.
Williamson weSociety for the History of Plastics wathi: “Zimbini izinto ezibangela ukuveliswa kweeplastiki.Enye into ngumnqweno wokufumana imali, ukanti omnye yimfazwe.”Nangona kunjalo, yayingamashumi eminyaka alandelayo awathi enze iplastiki ngokwenene uFinney.UChell wayibiza ngokuba luphawu "lwenkulungwane yezinto ezenziweyo."Ngeminyaka yee-1950, izitya zokutya ezenziwe ngeplastiki, iijagi, iibhokisi zeesepha kunye nezinye iimveliso zasekhaya zavela;ngeminyaka yoo-1960, kwavela izitulo ezinokuvutheka.Ngeminyaka yee-1970, iingcali zokusingqongileyo zachaza ukuba iiplastiki azinakuzithoba ngokwazo.Uthakazelelo lwabantu kwiimveliso zeplastiki lehlile.
Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kunye no-1990, ngenxa yemfuno enkulu yeeplastiki kumashishini okuvelisa iimoto kunye nekhompyuter, iiplastiki zaphinda zadibanisa isikhundla sazo.Akunakwenzeka ukukhanyela lo mba uqhelekileyo uxhaphakileyo.Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo, ihlabathi lalinokuvelisa kuphela amashumi amawaka eetoni zeplastiki nyaka ngamnye;namhlanje, imveliso yeplastiki yonyaka idlula i-100 yezigidi zeetoni.Imveliso yeplastiki yonyaka e-United States idlula imveliso edibeneyo yentsimbi, i-aluminium kunye nobhedu.
Iiplastiki ezintshangobutsha zisafunyanwa.Williamson weSociety for the History of Plastics wathi: “Abayili nabayili baya kusebenzisa iiplastiki kwiwaka leminyaka elizayo.Akukho mpahla yentsapho efana neplastiki evumela abaqulunqi kunye nabaqambi ukuba bagqibezele iimveliso zabo ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.sungula.