Kangangamawaka eminyaka, abantu banokusebenzisa kuphela izipho zendalo: isinyithi, iinkuni, irabha, iresin… iiathom zehydrogen, zenza izixhobo ezitsha ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili eMhlabeni.
Itekhnoloji ye-nitrocellulose eyenziwe ngokwenza i-celluloid yinyathelo lokuguqulwa kweteknoloji yeplastiki ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-1, kwaye kwimbono yanamhlanje, eli linyathelo elincinci kwimatshi ende.I-Hyatt yenza "impendulo yokuguqulwa" kwimicu yekotoni echithwe kwi-nitric acid, ukwenzela ukuba ezi cellulose ze-macromolecular zaphulwa kwaye zilungelelaniswe ngokutsha ngendlela entsha, kwaye iifayili eziqhelekileyo zezityalo zazalwa ngokutsha.uzelwe ngokutsha.Nangona kunjalo, i-cellulose ngokwayo i-polymer, kwaye i-celluloid ilungisa kuphela i-cellulose, kwaye ayivelisi i-cellulose kwinqanaba le-molecular.Sakuba sifunde ukusebenzisa iimolekyuli, luhlobo luni lwezinto zomlingo esiya kuzifumana?

Akufuneki silinde ixesha elide.Kwiminyaka nje emi-4 emva kokuba i-Hyatt ifumene ithuba lokudibana ne-celluloid, ingcali yamachiza yaseJamani uAdolf von Baeyer wasebenzisa i-formaldehyde kunye ne-phenol ukwenza iplastiki entsha ngokupheleleyo: i-phenolic resin.Ngelo xesha, isiyalo esitsha sekhemistri savulwa: i-polymerization.Kwintsimi ye-organic chemistry, i-polymerization luhlobo lomlingo omnyama oguqula ilitye libe yigolide.Idibanisa iimolekyuli ze-formaldehyde kunye neemolekyuli ze-phenol zibe ngumnatha omkhulu, kwaye ekugqibeleni uzala umntu omkhulu ongakwaziyo nokubona uyise we-formaldehyde kunye nonina we-phenol.I-resin ye-henolic.

Kwintsimi yoshishino, iplastiki ye-phenolic resin ibizwa ngokuba yi "bakelite" kuba ikhusela, i-anti-static, kunye nokushisa okuphezulu.Yimpahla egqwesileyo yokwenza i-insulating switches, ukuze ukwazi ukukhanyisa izibane yonke imihla ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nokutshitshiswa kombane.Ukusuka kwimbonakalo ecacileyo yekristale, kunzima ukubona ukumangalisa kwale mveliso: yonke iqhekeza le-bakelite yi-molecule enkulu, i-molecule enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibanjwe entendeni yesandla sakho!
Ngokombono wethu, i-molecule ibonakala iyinto encinci kakhulu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo.Ithontsi yamanzi iqulethe malunga ne-1.67 × 10 21 iamolekyu zamanzi.Izinto eziluhlaza ze-phenolic resin, i-formaldehyde kunye ne-phenol, zincinci kwaye zingenakulinganiswa iimolekyuli, ezinobunzima be-molecular ye-30 kunye ne-94, ngokulandelelana, kodwa ukuba ufuna ukubuza ubunzima be-molecular of phenolic resin, unokufuneka udwebe ii-zero ezingamashumi amabini okanye amathathu emva kokuba. 1.

Ukubona kungcono kunokukubona.Ukuba ufuna ukuva amandla awoyikisayo empendulo yepolymerization, unokuchitha imizuzwana eyi-10 ubukele i-polymerization reaction eqhumayo emva kokufudumeza i-p-nitroaniline kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric.Isisombululo esincinci sesiqingatha sesitya esisemfanekisweni ngakwesobunxele siyanda kwaye siyatshaya emva kokufudumeza, kunye neemolekyuli ze-p-nitroaniline ezinqamlezayo kunye ne-polymerize ngesantya sokukhula kwe-exponential.Ekugqibeleni, intaba-mlilo igqabhuka ngaphantsi komzuzwana omnye, yaye umthi omkhulu ukhula ngendlela engaqhelekanga.I-Optimus Prime.Nangona le ntsika yobumnyama ibonakala yomelele, eneneni sisiponji esikrobileyo nesineporous isakhiwo esakhiwe yi-p-nitroaniline sulfonate, kwaye iya kuba luthuthu ngokucudisa kancinane.

Enkosi kwimpendulo yepolymerization, kumashumi nje ambalwa eminyaka, kuye kwavela inani elikhulu leeplastikhi ezaziwa kakhulu "ze-poly" kushishino lweekhemikhali: i-polyamide, i-polyurethane, i-polyethylene, i-polystyrene, i-polytetrafluoroethylene, i-polypropylene, i-Polyester ....
Intoni?Uthi awuwazi lamagama angaqhelekanga?Kulungile, ndiza kukuguqulela yona.
I-Polyamide (ekwaziwa njengeNayiloni): Yaphuhliswa yi-DuPont ngo-1930, i-fiber yokuqala yehlabathi, ayizange yoyiswe ngabantu abakhuphisana nabo phantse iminyaka eyi-100.

Polyethylene: Iplastiki esetyenziswa rhoqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

I-Polystyrene (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Poly Dragon): imfuneko yokuthatha kunye neekhuriya

I-Polypropylene: ukumelana nobushushu ukuya kwi-140 ° C, kwaye ayifuni nge-acids, i-alkalis, kunye neetyuwa, kwaye yinto yokuqala yokukhetha iibhokisi ze-microwave zesidlo sasemini.

I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (eyaziwa ngokuba yiTeflon): Eyaziwa ngokuba yi "King of Plastics", inokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe -180 ~ 250 ℃, kwaye iphantse ingabikho kuzo zonke izinyibilikisi, nakwi-aqua regia ebilisiweyo.Faka nje umaleko obhityileyo ukuya ezantsi epanini ukuze uyiguqule ibe yipeni ende enganamatheli

I-polyester fiber (i-polyester): igcwele u-elasticity, i-wrinkle-resistant, i-non-iron, i-resistant-resistant, phantse zonke iimpahla ezithengwe kwi-treasure zinayo, ngakumbi iimpahla zemidlalo.

I-Polyurethane: Ihlonitshwe yi-Bayer ngo-1937, inamandla aphezulu kunye ne-conductivity ephantsi ye-thermal, kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukugquma eludongeni.Kodwa usenokuba uqhelene ngakumbi nencwadi eyi-0.01 mm kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuba ndikuxelele ukuba ukutya komntu wonke, impahla, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezithuthi azinakwahlulwa kwiplastiki, mhlawumbi abantu abaninzi baya kundijonga ngamazwi amangalisayo.Ewe, kuninzi, kuninzi kakhulu ukubona, kuninzi ukulibala, siphila kwihlabathi leplastiki yonke imihla.Sipheka ngeembiza zeplastiki, sityela kwiibhokisi zeplastiki, sisela kwiibhotile zeplastiki, sihlamba kwisitya seplastiki, sihlamba kwiibhafu zeplastiki, sinxiba iimpahla zeplastiki zefiber ukuze siphume, siqhube i-50% yeemoto zeplastiki ukuya emsebenzini, vula iLaptop yeplastiki, uchwetheza eli nqaku. kwikhibhodi yeplastiki - kwaye uyayifunda exhokonxa kwifowuni yakho yeplastiki.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amawaka eeplastiki zivelisiwe kwihlabathi jikelele.Amanani achanekileyo awanakukwazi ukubalwa, kwaye akukho kubaluleka kwamanani, kuba ininzi okanye amakhulu eeplastiki ezintsha ziphuma minyaka yonke, kwaye yonke imzuzu kunye nesibini ngasinye, abasebenzi be-R & D baphucula ifomula kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa iiplastiki kwibhubhoratri.Ukusukela kwi-celluloid yokuqala yeplastiki eveliswe ngobuninzi, senze iitoni ezizibhiliyoni ezisi-7 zeplastiki, kwaye ukuba yenziwe intambo, inokusonga umhlaba emhlabeni jikelele-kakhulu?Ngoku sivelisa i-1 yebhiliyoni yeetoni zeplastiki rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3.Kwishishini lemichiza yeplastiki yeminyaka eyi-140, sisiqalo nje.
Xa uluntu luphela, abembi bezinto zakudala basemzini baya kufumana umkhondo wobukho bethu kwirekhodi yejoloji - ukumila kwamatye eplastiki.Iplastiki idityaniswa namatye, igrabile, kunye namaqokobhe, kwaye itshone elwandle ukuze ibe yinkumbulo engunaphakade yomhlaba.Kanye njengoko iidiphozithi ze-calcium carbonate ziphawule iifosili ze-Cretaceous kunye ne-dinosaur eziphawule i-Jurassic, olu kwakheka kwamatye eplastiki kwaphawula ixesha elitsha le-geological: i-Anthropocene.Abanethemba bakholelwa ukuba ukwenza iplastiki yinkqubela enkulu njengokugrumba iinkuni ukwenza umlilo kunye nokupholisha izixhobo zamatye.Imele ukuba abantu ekugqibeleni bayayiqonda indalo yento kwaye banamandla okuqhawula amakhamandela endalo kunye nokwakha ihlabathi elitsha elingazange libonwe ngaphambili;ngoxa abanye beyithiyile.Yibize "uloyiko olumhlophe", "ukuveliswa kokufa" kunye "nobubi bomntu benkulungwane yama-21".
Itekhnoloji eyenze ibhola yeping pong

Inkampani yethu igxile ekwenzeni ngokwezifisoiimveliso zeplastiki, sijongene neemveliso zeplastiki iminyaka engama-23, kwaye amava ethu anele kakhulu